Establish and adjust the marketing mix

Introduction The retail industry is a battlefield for a wide range of goods essential for daily use. There is stiff competition in the industry as giant retailers and emerging retailers seek to gain competitive advantage over each other (Pesendorfer 34). Companies that wish to survive must make regular but necessary adjustments in the marketing mix to stay ahead of competition.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Establish and adjust the marketing mix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wal-Mart products and services market Wal-Mart is an American Corporation existing in approximately thirty nation states. The firm has an average sales record of one hundred and forty US dollars in these countries. The United States-based company provides the enormous retail programs all over the world. However, as the world’s leading retailer Wal-Mart does not have market stores in certain global leading marketplaces. For instan ce, the corporation does not conduct business in India, Russia, South Korea and Germany. The realization and establishment of extra supercenters in India is hampered. The aspiration to operate cannot succeed following the recent breakdown of Indian partnership with the company. The problem of poor conditions of investment culminated in the 9th Oct, 2013 termination of partnership with Bharti Enterprises. The sticking point emerges from the demand by the Indian administration that the overseas traders must resource more than thirty percent from the merchandise they vend from Indian SME’s. The inquiries whether or not Wal-Mart Corporation is probing any violation of laws of anti corruption of the United States is unclear. The head of Wal-Mart Asia in his interview never mentioned if any investigations on the alleged violation of foreign retail investment rules by Wal-Mart were underway. Conversely, the corporation is yet to figure the means of entering the Russian marketplaces. In the fiscal 2010, Wal-Mart closed down the offices in Moscow following an aborted deal with the Kopeyka that was a potential partner. The price discrepancy caused the plan of attainment to subsist. Nevertheless, in the year 2006 Wal-Mart terminated its businesses in South Korea and Germany. The German populace pitied the way the grocery handlers executed their work at the line of check. As such, many consumers chose to purchase from the local bazaars in doubt of the ever-smiling clerks whom they thought were flirting. Wal-Mart failed in South Korea owing to the adherence of US stratagems of marketing of clothing and electronics rather than considering beverage and food as a big market in S. Korea.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Key features and influence of products and significance to the market Wal-Mart offers the customer a wide range of goods and services. The produ cts that the company manufactures in the local and international plants have the company logo. The products that are outsourced to other manufacturers also carry a specific logo. This means that the company consumers can easily identify the brand. Items such as apparel and toys are renown by the consumers worldwide. The company advertises the products as possessing high quality compared to those provided by competitors. This coupled with the lower price attracts many existing and prospective customers. The company products including those produced offshore are of high quality. The company has bargaining power over manufacturers hence has the power to give the manufacturer the standards of products to be produced without increasing the buying price. As such, the retailer is able to influence the market by making competitors produce items of similar or better quality. Pricing policy Wal-Mart’s pricing policy is based on the ‘Everyday low price’. This means that the products must cost less to enable the retailer to sell at lower prices. All the products provided by the company meet the ‘low price’ criteria. Whenever customers feel that any of Wal-Mart’s competitors are providing goods at a lower price, the company gives them the opportunity to report and the company makes the necessary price adjustments based on Wal-Mart Price Match Policy. The customers do not require providing such an advertisement to prove that indeed the competitor is offering lower or matching prices. Significant market outcomes The promotional methods and distribution channels utilized by the company are significant in determining the effectiveness of the marketing mix (Soonhong, Min John Mentzer 14). The company is popular for offering promotions on selected items to its customers. It then ensures that the items on offer are available in all location. Considering the huge customer base, such promotions are effective in augmenting the customer base a lthough the profit margins are significantly lower. Wal-Mart marketing mix The company is the world’s number one retailer according to Fortune 500. Sam Walton founded the company in 1962. The founder employed a marketing strategy that quickly saw the company emerge as the leader in the retail industry despite the existence of larger companies founded years before Wal-Mart. The company used the strategy of selling goods at a lower price compared to competitors. The marketing mix the company employed was so effective that some companies had to withdraw from the retail market or were dissolved. The company rapidly expanded into many areas. This was a marketing strategy to create a huge consumer base. The retailer ensured that customers in remote locations in the United States could easily access its products and services. The variety of products was significantly increased to ensure that every customer got what they desired (Ellickson, Misra Nair 751).Advertising We will w rite a custom report sample on Establish and adjust the marketing mix specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The price was highly competitive compared to other retailers. There was intense effort to advertise the opening of new locations, products and slicing of prices. The retailer intensified its promotion. Customers considered loyal were rewarded with diverse means of promotions. Promotion campaigns intensified particularly with the entry of a competitor where the retailer sought or had established dominance (Lin 55). Product The company has grown for the last five decades to reach the international level and effectively turn into a multinational company. The international market has a huge consumer base. These customers have varied preferences and tastes for products. Every customer can get the item they need for daily use or consumption. This requires the company to stock a wide range of products and a brand that each of the customers can identify with. The products that the company stocks in the US are not necessarily the products consumers in South Africa demand (Matsa 1150). The company has hence made effort to localize the products through glocalization. The products range from grocery to electronics. The company specializes in home appliances and apparel among many others. The company realized the potential in providing outdoor products such as sports gear. It offers funeral services as part of the product offered. Price The company manufactures part of the products through outsourcing. Some of the products manufactured by the company include toys. Other items are bought from suppliers. The ability to manufacture products in bulk facilitates the company to enjoy economies of scale. This enables the company to offer the products at a subsidized price. The state of the economy leaves consumers without a choice but to shop at the cheapest retailer outlet. Consequently, the retailer indirectly benefits from econ omic hardships. The company ensures that it buys goods from suppliers at the lowest price possible. The large number of global suppliers gives the retailer bargaining power. The company determines the price at which it will purchase goods from suppliers. Additionally, it buys the supplies in bulk. The retailer is hence able to give its customers as much as 15 percent discount on items. The company employs diverse pricing strategies to attract the attention of the consumer. The ‘Everyday low price’ strategy creates a buying behavior among the consumers. All the products the retailer stocks are relatively lower in price compared to other retailers. Place Wal-Mart is a global retailer. It has outlets in all continents. The company continuously expands to new markets including emerging markets in Africa such as Uganda, Zambia and Tanzania. There are more than ten thousand outlets globally. The brand is recognized internationally.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When entering a new market, the company invests sufficiently in advertising to catch the attention of the prospective customer. In markets where the retailer has established, it utilizes both e-commerce and traditional stores. It operates supercenters, discount stores, neighborhood stores and express stores (St-James 166). The supercenters offer all kinds of products under one roof. This ensures that customers do not have to seek other goods outside the supercenter. The three components function together to generate synergy necessary for the creation of competitive advantage for the retailer. The company ensures it has the right product in the right place at the right place. The three must be balanced to ensure that the retailer maintains the competitive edge gained over the years. Failure in any of them means that the company will lose customers to competitors. Environmental factors Wal-Mart is often impacted by environmental factors in operating the international market. There are countries that set the price of products to curtail unfair competition. This means that the company will not have the competitive advantage of lower prices. In other markets, customers do not demand some products. This includes Islam countries where Western products are despised. In India, beef products will not bring the retailer substantial profits. Customer priorities, needs and preferences Customer priorities, needs and preferences are important for any business (Draganska et al. 400). In developing a marketing mix strategy, Wal-Mart must consider the factors for different markets. The products needed in first world countries may be irrelevant in developing markets. This requires the company to develop a marketing mix suitable for specific markets. High priced items will not sell in emerging economies. Variations A variety of factors requires to be noted in developing a suitable marketing mix. The promotional activities and distribution channels are among these factors. Variati ons from what competitors are doing are essential. Although existing strategies may be effective, the increasingly competitive retail market requires that the company make adjustments to ensure it retains the competitive advantage it enjoys. The company require developing new products with better quality than the existing products (Singh 460). It is hence important for the company to invest in research and development. Additionally, improved technology presents the company with the opportunity to employ e-commerce to improve the distribution processes. Wal-Mart strategic and marketing objectives Wal-Mart’s marketing mix fits well into its organizational strategy. The company seeks to diversify its products. By operating in the international market, the company develops and stocks products suitable for each market. By so doing, the company has different brands of products. The failure in one product will not significantly affect profitability (Lin 57). Monitoring performance o f product The market mix that requires focusing is the product. This is due to the diverse market and consequently huge variation in needs and preferences. New entrants are emerging with new, better and quality products at lower prices. Since the company has already created a niche in the retail market, it is imperative to test whether consumers are satisfied with existing products or new products should be introduced. Implication of altering components The alteration of any of the components will be detrimental if consideration of the other components is not considered. By introducing a new product, it may be necessary to adjust the price to reflect the costs incurred. If the new products is produced at a lower cost, then the price can be lowered and vice versa. It will be necessary for promotional activities to be conducted to ensure customers are aware of the existence of the product. The distribution chain must be effective to avail the product in all the outlets in the target m arket. Adjusting components The introduction of a new product will require more investment into research and development. Further, the costs incurred in producing the product will be higher due to the involvement of newer technology. The packaging will be different to give the customers the sense of a new and improved quality product. Subsequently, the price of the product will rise. This will call for entry into new markets to expand the customer base. This will be in line with the company strategic objectives of expansion. The new product will assist in diversification. Conclusion Marketing mix is important for organizational planning and eventual profitability. The proper consideration of the components determines the level of engagement with the consumer. Works Cited Draganska, Michaela, Sanjog Misra, Victor Aguirregabiria, Pat Bajari, Liran Einav Paul Ellickson. â€Å"Discrete Choice Models of Firms: Strategic Decisions.† Marketing Letters 19.3/4 (2008): 399–416. Print. Ellickson, Paul, Sanjog Misra Harikesh Nair. â€Å"Repositioning Dynamics and Pricing Strategy.† Journal of Marketing Research XLIX (2012): 750-772. Print. Lin, Shao-Lung and An-Tien Hsieh. â€Å"International Strategy Implementation: Roles of Subsidiaries, Operational Capabilities, and Procedural Justice.† Journal of Business Research 63.1(2010): 52–59. Print. Matsa, David A. â€Å"Competition and Product Quality in the Supermarket Industry.† Quarterly Journal of Economics 126.3 (2011): 1539–1591. Print. Pesendorfer, Martin. â€Å"Retail Sales: A Study of Pricing Behavior in Supermarkets.† Journal of Business 75.1 (2002): 33–66. Print. Singh, Vishal, Karsten Hansen, and Robert Blattberg. â€Å"Market Entry and Consumer Behavior: An Investigation of a Wal-Mart Supercenter.† Marketing Science 25.5(2006): 457–476. Print. Soonhong, Min John Mentzer. â€Å"The Role of Marketing in Supply Chain Management.† In ternational Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management 1.2 (2000): 1-26. Print. St-James, Yannik. â€Å"Retail Brand Repositioning: A Historical Analysis.† Historical Analysis and Research in Marketing 10.2 (2001): 164–175. 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Gender Roles in Society Essays

Gender Roles in Society Essays Gender Roles in Society Essay Gender Roles in Society Essay Throughout history stereotypes have imposed a major role in society’s views of people. Today, gender remains one of the most common causes of stereotypical prejudice. Presenting an unfair standard for all to follow, gender roles taint people’s ideas of how someone should act and what someone should do. Believing these roles to be accurate, society casts negative opinions toward those who strive to do what others view as anomalous. Since the time that humans developed the ability to reason and communicate, gender roles have affected both men and women’s place in society.Gender roles influence the actions of parents and, consequently, their children, strengthening the roots of stereotypes in the world. The effect of gender roles in society is most evident in the workplace, where women have never been equal to men in salary or status. While the trends of the last century lean toward an equal future, gender roles continue to affect the lives o f men and women around the world. Gender roles create a significant disparity in the nature of the positions held by men and women.In 1880, for example, â€Å"Only ten percent of women [in New York City ] held paying jobs,† and, â€Å"two-thirds [of those women] worked in the clothing trade† (#3)†. Based on this statistic, it is apparent that women of that era were greatly affected by the conservative ideas of women’s place in society. Because of gender roles, that era’s society anticipated that the hard work would be done by the men and that women would stay at home, raise their family, and be devoted housewives.This chauvinistic theory also seems to be present in today’s society, where women and men still do not hold equally prominent positions in the workforce. In fact, only twenty-eight companies in the Fortune 1000 have a woman CEO (#2). That equates to 0. 28 % of the top one thousand corporations in America that have women at the helm. This ratio is obviously one that is hindered by the prevalent opinions of women’s abilities as leaders. Gender roles have made an obvious mark on women’s ability to attain jobs of notable status.Gender roles create the opportunity for men to hold positions that are higher paying than those of women. However, the gap between men and women’s salaries has continued to decline in recent decades. In fact, a US Department of Labor survey shows that in 1980 the average woman aged 45-54 made 56. 9% of the salary that an average man of that age made. That same survey shows that in 2005 women made 74. 5% of the salary that men made (#4). The nearly 20% closing of the gap between men and women’s salaries is a sign of society’s realization that men are not born better humans than women.Men are not naturally more physically adept than women nor are men born with higher IQ’s. As Fallows states in â€Å"Throwing like a Girl,† â€Å"There is no stru ctural reason why men and women should [function] in different ways† (#1). This presents the fact that at birth, a girl is just as likely to become a professional athlete as a boy is. At birth, a girl is just as qualified as a boy to grow up and become president of the United States . There is no reason that men should automatically be assumed to be more qualified for a position than women.The only reason for men’s superiority in society is that boys are raised differently than girls. Parents are afraid to tell their young boy to aspire to become a dancer because of the possibility that society will frown upon him. Parents are afraid to tell there daughter to become a CEO of a major corporation because they are afraid of the possibility of failure for their child. Instead, parents continue to impose what is deemed masculine upon their young son, or parents encourage what is viewed as feminine upon their daughter.In order to eliminate assumed gender roles in society, peo ple, more specifically parents, must be open-minded and realize that sex is not an automatic ruler when it comes to determining a child’s future. Also, parents must allow their children to do what they feel is right and give them the freedom to express themselves in whatever way they deem necessary. As evident in the workplace, gender roles play a prominent part in affecting opinions and decisions of all people. By following the accepted gender roles, both men and women limit their opportunities and conform to the expectations of society.Gender roles affect the status of all people in the world, and they prolong the prejudicial opinions that cast negative effects across society. Until everybody can honestly look past gender when judging a person, the effects of gender roles will continue to harm people’s views of others. This will not be achieved until parents can accept that not everybody has to do what others think is right because parents are the ones who shape thei r children and, ultimately, a society’s future.The world must continue to make positive steps toward equality between men and women and keep in mind the horrible consequences of narrow-minded gender roles. 1. Fallows, James. â€Å"Throwing like a girl,† The Writer’s Presence: A Pool of Readings, 6th Edition, 2009. p. 386-392 2. â€Å"Women CEOs,† CNN Money, 2009. 15 Oct, 2009. 3. â€Å"Women in the workplace,† American History. ABC-Clio, 2009. Web. 12 Oct, 2009. 4. â€Å"Women’s earnings as a percentage of men’s,† Bureau of Labor Statistics, US Department of Labor, 2008. 14 Oct, 2009.

How do you make women use restroom inside in India Essay

How do you make women use restroom inside in India - Essay Example Women have to walk in groups and accompany their daughters when it calls for defecation periods. It is upon these shocking revelations that, the researcher intends to investigate possible solutions to this and draw a policy that if implemented, will culminate into women’s use of restrooms without further threats. This should capture every culture and local condition as despite the government spending 7000 scores yearly in toilets constructions; it has failed to answer women problems culminating into disuse. Toilet designs should factor in elements of geographical conditions, water and culture (India today international, 1997, p. 156). Besides constructing toilets, environmentally friendly toilets should stand erected as stated by Gramalaya who has been constructing rural toilets in India for two decades. Some design may scare women particularly on holding balance, hovering and butt positioning, that is approximated at six inches over the seat. But it is recommended that they hold the toilet paper dispenser, handle or enlargement of gap between the toilet and butt. This aims at making public restrooms to properly separate gents and ladies facilities so as to avoid case of males harassing and molesting females. This has been seen in places such as schools that have usable toilet rated at 63 percent in 2013. Fear of rape by women, makes it difficult for them to use restrooms, there should be increased and well trained security guards with higher levels of honesty to assist women who may opt for restrooms. This will instill courage within these women which will rebel against their deeply-rooted open defecation culture. It is surprising that despite increased number of toilets in India, less impact has been felt as culture drives open defecation making many toilets disused. There are urgent calls for more input to create awareness on significance of using toilets. Women face infection particularly, when pushed to defecate in dirty fields during

How do ex-prisoners social exclusion impact upon access to Learning Essay

How do ex-prisoners social exclusion impact upon access to Learning - Essay Example An ex-prisoner can explain this best based on the experience the person had when behind the bars. Being denied so many privileges could also mean being denied to access learning. When such happens outside the prison circles, the ex-prisoner may take time to connect to the world hence denying the person chances to learn. Learning for an ex-prisoner is important for reconnection to the free world. Though such involvement has positive consequences for the person and the community, it might be faced by challenges (Portes 1998). One of the major challenges that face this venture is the society unwillingness to protect the ex-prisoner. This sense of social exclusion affects the person’s learning ability even after they are out of prison. According to Blewett (2005), too much power forms a chain of contradiction that isolates the subject hence leading to a form of instability. The instability caused by the power exercised in prison also affects them mentally and socially (Gaventa 2003). Most of the ex-prisoners find themselves in a state of exclusion where nobody wants to be associated with them. An ex-prisoner may have a desire to learn but the desire may die out of mental instability and the state of exclusion experienced outside prison. Social exclusion has an effect in creating accumulative experience of class oppression. This saturates around the entire social body in that both the ex-prisoner and the people around him feel the exclusion (Lucas 2004). Any efforts to access skills when such saturation has taken place are rendered futile since concentration is not guaranteed. The person’s feeling of oppression may act negatively towards concentration and willingness to participate in the learning process. Both the team and the ex-prisoner may not be at ease with one another for fear of the unknown. However, the above discussion does not dismiss the fact that access to learning for ex-prisoners may be attainable at certain instances. When

Policy Alternatives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Policy Alternatives - Essay Example Due to the financial effects that are projected in the future, the current administration came up with a suggestion that the retirees of the defense department should cater for health care services instead of being provided for free. The government gave a proposal of the retirees paying about $200 per annum towards their health care. As per the calculation of the administration, the country will save approximately $6.7 billion. The other proposal that was also given said that soldiers are supposed to pay into a retirement plan instead of a pension plan (NPR.org, 2011). This shift of perspective will contribute in cutting down the expenses of the defense department. The impacts of this cut are, for instance, the impact of retirees paying $200 per year towards their medical care will save around $6.7 billion for the state. On the other hand, these proposals were not received with acceptance by the defense department. For instance, the protection of military benefits should not in any case undercut the military’s capability to fight and win the war. Despite the impacts, the cuts of the military benefits are seen to be very effective in achieving the goals of the administration. For example, the cutting of health care benefits seems to be effective in that the country will save around $6.7 billion per year (NPR.org, 2011). The paying of soldiers towards their retirement plan instead of the pension plan, will contribute a lot to the reduction of military benefits. The reduction of the military retirement benefits is very effective in the fact that it will assist the country to reduce the expenses towards the defense department (Washington Post, 2015). It will reduce the risk of the country becoming unable to pay the troops in the near future. From the text, it is evident that military retirement benefits cost the Pentagon around $50 billion per year. The expense is more than the

General Structure of Electrical Power System

General Structure of Electrical Power System Introduction to Power generation The high voltage electric transmission is the bulk transfer of electrical energy, from generating power plants to substations. This is from the local wiring between high voltage substations and customers are referred to as electricity distribution. Transmission lines, when interconnected with each other, become high voltage transmission networks. Transmission lines mostly use three phase alternating current (AC), although single phase AC is sometimes used in railway electrification systems. High-voltage direct current (HVDC) technology is used only for very long distances; undersea cables. Electricity is transmitted at high voltages to reduce the energy lost in long distance transmission. Power is usually transmitted through overhead power lines. Underground power transmission has a very high cost and greater operational limitations. The main problem in the Power distribution is that electrical energy cannot be stored so it is generated based on the necessity. A control system is req uired to ensure electric power generations match the demand. Power generating plant low voltage is produced. The generator terminal voltage is then stepped up by the power station transformer to a higher voltage for transmission over long distances. Power Losses Transmitting electricity at high voltage reduces the fraction of energy lost due to resistance. For a given amount of power, a higher voltage reduces the current and thus the resistive losses in the conductor. At extremely high voltages, conductor and ground, corona discharge losses are so large that they can offset the lower resistance loss in the line conductors. Transmission and distribution losses are generally below 10%. In general, losses are estimated from the discrepancy between energy produce and energy sold to end customers; the difference between what is produced and what is consumed constitute transmission and distribution losses. In an alternating current circuit, the inductance and capacitance of the phase conductors can be significant. The currents that flow in these components of the circuit impedance constitute reactive power, which transmits no energy to the load. Reactive current causes extra losses in the transmission circuit. The ratio of real power (transmitted to the load) to apparent power is the power factor. As reactive current increases, the reactive power increases and the power factor decreases. For systems with low power factors, losses are higher than for systems with high power factors. At the substations, transformers reduce the voltage to a lower level for distribution to commercial and residential users. This distribution is accomplished with a combination of sub-transmission (33 kV to 132 kV) and distribution (3.3 to 25 kV). Finally, at the point of use, the energy is transformed to a low voltage. Power Load balancing The transmission system provides for base load and peak load capability, with safety and fault tolerance margins. The peak load times vary by region largely due to the industry. Power requirements vary by the season and the time of day. Distribution system designs always take the base load and the peak load into consideration. The transmission system usually does not have a large buffering capability to match the loads with the generation. Thus generation has to be kept matched to the load that prevents overloading failures of the generation equipment. Multiple sources and loads can be connected to the transmission system and they must be controlled to provide orderly transfer of power. In centralized power generation local control of generation involves synchronization of the generation units to prevent large transients and overload conditions. In distributed power generation the generators are geographically distributed and the process to bring them online and offline must be carefully controlled. The load control signals can either be sent on separate lines or on the power lines. To load balance the voltage and frequency can be used as a signaling mechanism. In voltage signaling, the variation of voltage is used to increase generation. The power added by any system increases as the line voltage decreases. Voltage based regulation is complex to use in mesh networks, since the individual components and set points would need to be reconfigured every time a new generator is added to the mesh. In frequency signaling, the generating units match the frequency of the power transmission system. In droop speed control, if the frequency decreases, the power is increased. Wind turbines and other distributed storage and generation systems can be connected to the power grid, and interact with it to improve system operation. 5.2 Power generation and distribution through overhead lines with single line diagram Electrical power system deals with the technology of generation, transmission and distribution of electrical energy. An electric power system consists of different subsystem are explained as follows I. Generation subsystem The conversion from one source to electrical energy through the process of electromagnetic conversion. This system consists of group of generation systems. Power system comes into existence with the growing demand of electrical energy. Power generations are classified as Hydraulic, nuclear power, fossil fuel and non-conventional power, solar power. II. Transmission subsystem The overhead transmission network transfers electrical energy from generating stations located at long distance to the distribution system. The Transformer and transmission line subsystems are designed in such way to transmit bulk power for consumption at the load line. The step-up transformers are used in various range of step-up voltage based on the requirements. A transmission voltage varies between 66 kV to 440KV in India. III. Sub-transmission system The sub-transmission network is the portion of transmission system connected to the high voltage substations using transformers. IV. Distribution subsystem By this process energy is connected to different distribution subsystem to a place a main transmission subsystem. A distribution subsystem consists of over headlines and underground cables. The distribution of power system is generally in two levels feeder or primary voltage at 11kV and secondary/consumer voltage at 415 Volt for three-phase and 230 Volt for single phase supply for house hold application. Each individual customer is connected to the secondary circuit through service leads and a meter. Distribution system is classified as Radial distribution system, loop distribution system and network distribution system. From the main switch electrical energy is distributed to the various points using distribution board system and tree system. V. Control subsystem This subsystem is formed by relays, switch and other control elements to protect other subsystems to protect faults and overloads to ensure efficient, reliable and economic operation of electric power system. Figure 6.1 Block diagram of single line power system Step-up and step down Transformers are used in all subsystems. At the sending end from generator step up Transformers are used and the receiving end step-down Transformers are used. Power and distribution Transformers are used in power line system depending upon the power handling capacity. Earthing The earthling of electrical installation is undertaken for the following reasons. To avoid shocks to a living body. To ensure the potential with respect to the earth of any current carrying conductor does not rise above its designed level. To provide safety to operating personal To avoid fire hazard due to leakage current. Representation of the transmission line A transmission line has series resistance, series inductive reactance, shunt capacitance and leakage resistance which are distributed evenly along its length. Except for long lines, the total resistance, inductance, capacitance and leakage resistance of the line can be concentrated to give a lumped-constant circuit which simplifies calculation. The particular lumped-constant circuit used depends on the length of the line and the required accuracy of the calculations. For the purpose of this introduction to power system calculations, we will consider a representation which is accurate for short transmission lines up to about 80 km in length. For this length of line, the shunt capacitance and leakage resistance can be ignored. It should be noted that this assumption is not valid for unloaded lines when the shunt capacitance dominates. Power system analysis is required for a large number of different purposes System design and control to maintain consumer voltage at statuary levels as affected by conductor sizing and transformer tap charger position. Fault calculations to ensure that the maximum fault current can be interrupted by circuit breakers or fuses and that large fault currents cause the minimum of damage to the power system. Design of protection systems to ensure faulty circuits are switched off rapidly (

Censorship Essay -- Argumentative Persuasive Essays

Censorship The Columbia Encyclopedia defines censorship as the "official prohibition or restriction of any type of expression believed to threaten the political, social, or moral order". It is necessarily broad definition. 'Any type of expression' in fact, covers just about everything from clothing to print to movements and even to simply being. George Bernard Shaw described assassination as an "extreme form of censorship". It is now omnipresent in society and has been as long as society has existed. If one were to consider the course of an idea (and it is essentially ideas that are being censored) as its natural evolution, censorship takes this evolutionary course and disrupts and changes it, often until it is no longer the same substance as before. Why do states (in truth any group of people) feel the need to censor? Moreover, can it be done effectively in the first place? It is human nature to prevent propagation and evolution of stories or is it human nature gone awry? What is our attachment to the status quo and what does privilege have to with this attachment? How do those without privilege subvert the systems of censorship in either information (media, literature, etc.) or other cultural memes? Although it is not a popular notion, censorship in the eastern liberal democracies is alive and well. As American children, we learn the evils of McCarthyism and the Red Scare and similar instances as simply shadows of past evils- long banished to history. While we learn the facts of the period, the truth/ compelling force behind these periods of extreme censorship is never examined closely enough. The truth is that in out pseudo-western politically correct haze, the fear and prejudice that underlies all attempts at censor... ...s gene line, those elements of society and culture that have been deemed undesirable are prevented from being heard and thus spread. The subject of censorship is expansive and therefore cannot be dealt with definitively in this space. It is, however, a subject that should be considered by everyone more in-depth. While the mechanisms within our society and indeed our world seek to silence the stories of which do not do them glory, one must strive to resist the "breeding" of ideas. Our stories are far from being absurd and worthless show poodles. They must not be weakened because of a lack of expression and audience or from a lack of original inspiration. In the face of a potentially shrinking 'gene pool' of ideas, even the fresh consideration of the devices of censorship is a subversive act which will be, in the end, the possible salvation of everyone's stories.